Sylvester Gilbert (October 20, 1755 – January 2, 1846) was a United States representative from Connecticut.
He pursued classical studies and was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1775.
Later, he studied law, was admitted to the bar in November 1777, and commenced practice in Hebron.
He was a member of the Connecticut Senate in 1815 and 1816 and was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Fifteenth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Uriel Holmes and served from November 16, 1818, to March 3, 1819.
Gilbert was again judge of the county court 1820–1825 and a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1826.