Thai Charoen, formerly a sub-district (tambon) of Loeng Nok Tha, was established as a minor district (king amphoe) on 1 April 1992, consisting of five sub-districts formerly of Loeng Nok Tha.

[1] On 11 October 1997, Thai Charoen was raised to district (amphoe) status, becoming Yasothon's ninth and Thailand's 784th district.

[2] The area has been home to the Roman Catholic St Michael's Church, Songyae, since 1908.

Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): Pa Tio, Kut Chum, and Loeng Nok Tha, of Yasothon Province; Senangkhanikhom and Mueang Amnat Charoen of Amnat Charoen province.

The district is divided into five sub-districts (tambons), and 48 villages (mubans).