The National Question and Autonomy is an article by Rosa Luxemburg, one of five originally published in 1908–1909 in Przegląd Socjaldemokratyczny (Social Democratic Review) in Kraków.
The most important of these was The National Question in Our Program, but the topic was also covered in On the Manifesto of the League of the Armenian Social-Democrats and The Position of the Bund in the Party.
[5] In this article, Luxemburg stated that "the actual possibility of 'self-determination' for all ethnic groups or otherwise defined nationalities is a utopia precisely because of the trend of historical development of contemporary societies."
“Nationality” in the sense of a distinct cultural reality in language, art and literature, on the other hand, was something she readily acknowledged, without agreeing that it conferred any political rights.
[3] Despite this, Luxembourg recognised that the harshness of Russian rule in Poland meant a solution of the national question could not wait for the victory of socialism.