Thoropa taophora

Rates of survival for T. taophora offspring depend heavily on choosing the correct egg laying site.

Egg clutches are typically laid in an environment containing flowing freshwater on a rocky surface, giving the frog its general name.

This comes as a result of the lack of adequate breeding sites that males choose from likely due to the increasing biome fragmentation, such as that of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

[2] T. taophora frogs, like many other anurans, have highly permeable skin which greatly increases their risk of dehydration and may restrict locomotor performance.

They have been found in costal places such as Mongaguá, São Sebastião, Ubatuba, Caraguatatuba, Paranapiacaba and Anchieta, and the Vitória and Búzios islands.

Mating is heavily dependent on the aggressive defense displayed by male individuals due to scarce breeding sites.

Monopolization of breeding sites comes as a result, thus leading to few, highly fit males dominating the reproductive scene.

This location is chosen because of its moist nature needed to keep eggs alive but is also a harsh environment for parents to survive in due to its direct sunlight exposure which can cause severe physiological strains.

This is primarily due to the scarcity of adequate breeding sites, therefore forcing females to mate and deposit clutches with a singular male.

Alternatively, females may mate with a male on a slightly worse breeding site, yet run the risk of higher offspring mortality.

The highest recorded temperature of activity reached was 36.4 degrees Celsius, which falls in the higher end for subtropical species.

[3] Smaller tadpoles likely experience greater locomotor activity because their muscle performance and energy metabolism does not sensitively fluctuate due to environmental temperature changes.

This adaptation to thermal changes has many ecological advantages, including increasing physiological processes such as digestion and growth for tadpoles.

Because larger tadpoles may not have this locomotor performance advantage in higher temperatures, jumping might be an alternative to escape predation.

[3] Although adult, juvenile and froglet T. taophora inhabit the same environments, their diets slightly differ due to size and age of the frog at the time.

A typical breeding site of the species Thoropa taophora