Threat and error management

Rather than try to avoid these threats and errors, its primary focus is on teaching pilots to manage these issues so they do not impair safety.

The TEM framework was developed in 1994 by psychologists at University of Texas based on the investigation of accidents of high capacity Regular Public Transport (RPT) airlines.

[3] However, an evaluation method was needed to identify threats and errors during flight operations and to add information to existing TEM data.

[1][7] Many strategies have been developed (e.g. training, teamwork, reallocating workload) that were focused on improving on stress, fatigue, and error.

[11] Observers will finally record a pilot's overall response on a 4-point Likert scale: 1) poor, 2) marginal, 3) good, and 4) outstanding.

The data are then quantified and tabulated as exemplified by the following format:[10] Planning and execution of performance Frequency is the total number of threats that occurred and is denoted by N. LOSA identifies three main categories that must be recorded: Safety change process (SCP), which is part of LOSA, is a formal mechanism that airlines can use to identify active and latent threats to flight operations.