Bilingual dictionary

Bidirectional bilingual dictionaries usually consist of two sections, each listing words and phrases of one language along with their translation.

In addition to the translation, a bilingual dictionary usually indicates the part of speech, gender, verb type, declension model and other grammatical clues to help a non-native speaker use the word.

Other features sometimes present in bilingual dictionaries are lists of phrases, usage and style guides, verb tables, maps and grammar references.

[1][2] Dictionaries from Hebrew and Aramaic into medieval French were composed in the European Jewish communities in the 10th century CE.

Both phrases can be understood reasonably well from their constituents and have fairly obvious contrasts with garde urbain in French or with urban policeman in English.

But a gendarme is a member of a national police force that is technically part of the French Army whereas a garde champêtre is employed by a local commune.

For example, in English, a ticket can provide entrance to a movie theater, authorize a bus or train ride, or can be given to you by a police officer for exceeding the posted speed limit.

In Spanish these three meanings are not covered by one word as in English, but rather there are several options: boleto or entrada and infracción/multa, and in French with billet or ticket and procès-verbal, or in German by Eintrittskarte or Fahrkarte and Mahnung/Bußgeldbescheid.

Recently, an automatic method for the disambiguation of the entries of bilingual dictionaries has been proposed[8] that makes use of specific kinds of graphs.