As a result of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine Bulgaria was in a grave situation having lost territory to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, Greece and Romania and the right to maintain an army of no more than 20,000 combined with heavy reparations to those countries.

The treaty was signed after its text was first discussed and agreed at the Conference of Niš held in period 1—17 March 1923.

By this treaty Bulgaria undertook the obligation to suppress the operations of the IMRO carried out from Bulgarian territory.

[7] The IMRO had a prominent role in assassinating Aleksandar Stamboliyski due to his signing of the Treaty of Niš.

[8] The assassins also cut off his hand, representing their opposition to his signing of the Treaty of Niš.