Energy law
These laws are the primary authorities (such as caselaw, statutes, rules, regulations and edicts) related to energy.
[11] In May 2016 the Buhari administration increased fuel prices again to NGN 145 per litre ($0.43 at black market rates for the currency).
[16][17][18] These include: There is some academic interest in the energy law of Canada, with looseleaf periodical services,[28] monographs,[29] and consultation with lawyers specializing in that practice,[30] available.
[31] Canada's energy laws are so extensive and complicated in large part because of its government-owned energy resources: The oil sands are gold not only for the oil companies, but also for Alberta's provincial government, which owns the mineral rights to virtually all the land and has encouraged the industry for three-quarters of a century.Canada and the Quebec province also own extensive hydroelectric dam facilities, which have generated not only power but controversy.
[34] The European integrated hydrogen project was a European Union project to integrate United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) guidelines and create a basis of ECE regulation of hydrogen vehicles and the necessary infrastructure replacing national legislation and regulations.
The aim of this project was enhancing of the safety of hydrogen vehicles and harmonizing their licensing and approval process.
[38] The German government has proposed abandoning "its planned phase-out of nuclear energy to help rein in surging electricity prices and protect the environment, according to proposals drawn up by an energy task force under Economy Minister Michael Glos.
Proven natural gas reserves, mainly in the Po Valley and offshore Adriatic, constitute the country's most important mineral resource.
[47] In 1987, after the Chernobyl disaster, a large majority of Italians passed a referendum opting for phasing out nuclear power.
Due to its reliance on expensive fossil fuels and imports, Italians pay approximately 45% more than the EU average for electricity.
[48] In 2004, a new Energy Law brought the possibility of joint ventures with foreign companies to build nuclear power plants and import electricity.
[48] As part of the agreement, ENEL received a 12.5% stake in the project and direct involvement in design, construction, and operation of the plants.
As part of this agreement, ENEL will pay the Slovak government EUR 1.6 billion to complete a nuclear power plant in Mochovce, which has a gross output of 942 MWe.
With these agreements, Italy has managed to access nuclear power without placing reactors on Italian territory.
Furthermore, in Israel there are certain additional laws that deal with the use of energy sources, such as the Natural Gas Sector Law,[56] 5762-2002 which provides the conditions for the development of the natural gas sphere in Israel, and the Electricity Sector Law, 5756–1996, which established the "Public Utility Authority – Electricity" which publishes directives and regulations for the use of renewable electricity sources, including solar energy and hydro-energy.
[61] On 6 May 2011, Prime Minister Naoto Kan ordered the Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be shut down as an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or higher is likely to hit the area within the next 30 years.
[70][71][72] An energy white paper, approved by the Japanese Cabinet in October 2011, says "public confidence in safety of nuclear power was greatly damaged" by the Fukushima disaster, and calls for a reduction in the nation's reliance on nuclear power.
[75] As of September 2012, Ōi units 3 and 4 are Japan's only operating nuclear power plants, although the city and prefecture of Osaka have requested they be shut down.
[79] Under the plan, the United States and Japan would each conduct research into fast reactor technology, fuel cycle technology, advanced computer simulation and modeling, small and medium reactors, safeguards and physical protection; and nuclear waste management, which it to be coordinated by a joint steering committee.
The Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) is a government-owned company involved in fossil-fuel energy exploration, amongst other activities.
[90] In 2017, Mexico ended its oil industry subsidies, leading to increased prices and widespread protests throughout the country.
[92] Energy law in the Philippines is important because that nation is one of the fastest growing in Asia, and has over 80 million residents.
Under the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia, all its oil and gas wealth belongs to the government: "All Allah's bestowed wealth, be it under the ground, on the surface or in national territorial waters, in the land or maritime domains under the state's control, are the property of the state as defined by law.
The law defines means of exploiting, protecting, and developing such wealth in the interests of the state, its security, and economy.
The earliest laws governing energy in Sri Lanka include the Ceylon Electricity Board Act, No.
This act was a cornerstone in centralising the country’s electricity sector but faced criticism for inefficiencies and financial challenges.
This act established the National Electricity Advisory Council and designated the Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) as the main regulator.
The 2024 Act promotes market competition, facilitates private sector investment, and encourages the use of renewable energy sources.
Amongst other provisions, it extends the permissible years for drilling permits, reduces a fee, and eliminates a state monopoly.
Every state, the Federal government, and the District of Columbia collect some motor vehicle excise taxes.
