Umbrella species

They found that the reserves set aside for the northern spotted owl "serve as a reasonable coarse-filter umbrella species for the taxa evaluated", which were mollusks and salamanders.

[12] Gilby and colleagues (2017) found that using threatened species as umbrellas or "surrogates" for management targets could improve conservation outcomes in coastal areas.

These focal species are chosen for a number of reasons and fall into several types, generally measured by their potential for an umbrella effect.

Regardless of the location or scale of conservation, the umbrella effect is a measurement of a species' impact on others and is an important part of determining an approach.

They discovered that the Endangered Species Act has a loophole excluding federally protected plants on private property.