[1][3][4] Symptoms include blood in the urine, lump at end of penis, or bloody penile discharge.

[1] Symptoms that may be caused by urethral cancer include: Diagnosis is established by transurethral biopsy and histological findings.

Up to 10% of primary urethral cancers have variant histology types, or have unclear cells of origin.

[1] However, due to increased rates of complications such as urethral stricture, urinary incontinence, stenosis of the urethra, non-infectious cystitis, and other disorders of the pelvic region, surgery is preferred over radiation therapy.

[clarification needed] Side effects include anemia (causing fatigue, weakness), nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite, hair loss, mouth sores, increased risk for infection, shortness of breath, or excessive bleeding and bruising.

Other risk factors include squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and genital lichen sclerosus.