Vaccine[4][5] (or sometimes vaksin[1][2][3]) are rudimentary single-note trumpets found in Haiti and, to a lesser extent, the Dominican Republic[6] as well as Jamaica.
[7] However both Thompson[7] and Holloway[10] draw links to the single-note Bakongo bamboo trumpets called disoso, themselves originated in Mbuti hocketing music.
Traditionally, vaccine are made of a length of bamboo, hollowed-out and dried,[6] with a node membrane pierced[4][7][1] and wrapped with leather[12] or bicycle inner-tube rubber to form a mouthpiece at one end.
[7] To keep rhythm, vaccine players also beat a rhythmic timeline, called kata[1] with a long stick on the side of the tube, making the instrument both melodic and percussive.
Scholars also report vaccines used as signal horns by parties of agricultural workers,[4][1] fishermen,[4] stevedores[13] as well as sometimes used in dances of the Congo cycle.