Valerian Kalinka

Kalinka was born in Kraków, but fled from Poland in 1846 on account of political entanglements and his involvement in the Krakow Uprising.

Though forbidden everywhere but in Posen, it existed for four years, and dealt with every aspect of Polish national life.

Kalinka's articles show an acquaintance with law, administration, history, and statistics, and had mostly to do with the inner life of Poland.

After 1863, when searching for documents for a life of Prince Adam Czartoryski, he stumbled on important papers which he published in two volumes as The Last Years of Stanislaus Augustus (1787–95).

Both were accused of undermining patriotic self-respect, of lowering Poland in foreign eyes, and of destroying veneration for the past.