Vipera walser is limited to a small area in northern eastern Piedmont in the italian western Alps, with two disjunct populations, southern population of ±225 km² confined to an area of just 500 km² north of Biella and northern population of ±45 km² in the upper Valsesia.

[1][3] Vipera walser occurs in open habitats at an altitude of 1300-2300 m in valleys with high precipitation.

It is mostly found on gentle south-oriented slopes with low forest cover.

[1] Fragmented habitat, decline in agropastoral landuse, culling and collection pose short-term threats, while in the long term climate change may alter the distribution.

Additionally, low genetic variability may make the species even more prone to disturbances.