Fumarole mineral

Native sulfur, in this context called brimstone, is a common sublimate mineral and various halides, sulfides and sulfates occur in this environment associated with fumaroles and eruptions.

[10] Coal seam fires often deposit fumarolic minerals over areas of a few square metres which can be detected by airborne hyperspectral imagery.

[12] Fumarole minerals have also been found in Gusev crater on Mars[13] and possibly in a sample returned from the Moon by the probe Chang'e-5.

[4] Research on the mineralogy of fumarole minerals has been conducted in Central America, Russia and Europe,[19] with detailed publications on Izalco in El Salvador,[28] Eldfell in Iceland,[29] Vesuvius[20] where research goes back to the early 19th century[30] and Vulcano in Italy, Mount Usu in Japan, Kudryavy and Tolbachik in Russia, Kilauea and Mount St. Helens in the United States.

[19] Sulfur deposits containing fumarolic desublimates are found at Guallatiri and Lastarria volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes.

[31] Kudryavy volcano in the Kurils is particularly known for the numerous mineralizations its fumaroles have produced[32] and for the presence of rhenium-rich precipitates.

[36] The high temperature and oxidizing regime of exhalations which transport the elements at Tolbachik facilitates mineral deposition.

[37] A large assemblage of silicates[38] and a number of copper-zinc selenite chlorides[39] and copper-based fumarolic minerals were discovered at Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia.

[42] Specimens of fumarole minerals from Tolbachik and Kudryavy are hosted by the Fersman Mineralogical Museum in Moscow.