Wang Ao (Grand Secretary)

After Wang Ao's death, the Jiajing Emperor gave him the pusthomous name of Wenke (simplified Chinese: 文恪; pinyin: Wénkè), which literally meant "Cultivated and Honest".

Qǐjiǎng: You Ruo spoke from profundity the idea of the oneness of the ruler and the people in his advice to Duke Ai.

The implication was that the Duke's proposal to increase the taxation was due to the insufficiency of his revenues for state expenditure; to insure the sufficiency of state expenditure, then, what could take precedence over measures to insure sufficiency for his people?

Xùgû: If the people are enjoying sufficiency, for what conceivable reason should the ruler be left alone in poverty?

Hòugǔ: The sacrificial animals and ritual cereals are plentiful to be used in religious offerings; and the jades and silks are abundant to be used as tributes and diplomatic gifts.

Food and delicacies, beefs and drinks are abundant for entertainment of state guests; carriages and horses, arms and equipment are enough for the preparation of wars and defense.

The establishment of the tithe was originally for the good of the people, but in this very usage lies the sufficiency of national expenditure.