In Thailand, the total volume of the wastewater from industries is much greater than that of the domestic sewage.
Microbial remediation of xenobiotics has shown to be effective and the low-cost technology, but it still has several limitations.
[3] There are four major approaches to GEM development for the bioremediation application which include the modification of enzyme specificity and affinity, pathway construction and regulation, bioprocess development, monitoring and control and lastly, bio-affinity bio-receptor sensor application for chemical sensing, toxicity reduction and end point analysis.
[5] In the far future, the genetically engineered microorganisms could possibly be used to control the green house gases, convert the waste to the value-added product as well as to reduce and capture the carbon dioxide gases from the atmosphere (carbon sequestration),[6] but much research is still required to realise the potential.
[8] Pyrolysis is thermochemical conversion process in which the feeding material is converted into char, oil and combustible gas in an inert atmosphere (complete absence of oxidizing agent).