During excavation work several graves were unearthed, leading to the conclusion that there was once a Roman settlement in what is now Welgesheim's municipal area.

Under its current name it appeared about 1194, when Werner von Bolanden was enfeoffed with the church treasure at Welgesheim by Count Lon.

Later, Welgesheim belonged to the lordly domain of the Elector of the Palatinate, with whom the place remained until the late 18th century.

In the wake of the Congress of Vienna in 1814 and 1815, the Rhenish-Hessian area was awarded to Hesse-Darmstadt, thereby likewise putting Welgesheim in the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, which was surrounded by the Bavarian Palatinate in the south, the Prussian Governmental Region of Koblenz in the west and the Duchy of Nassau in the north.

This was the case for a hundred years, until Germany's defeat in the First World War, when the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt was dissolved.