The population was 4,774 at the 2020 census,[3] making Randolph the largest town in Orange County.

The town is a commercial center for many of the smaller, rural farming communities that surround it.

When the area was originally settled there were three villages—Randolph Center, East Randolph and West Randolph—the current locations of the three fire departments.

Vermont granted the town on November 2, 1780, when the New Hampshire settlers could not locate the original grantees, whose patents were issued by New York.

[8] In 1921, Randolph was the setting for, and provided some of the cast of, a silent movie called The Offenders.

Today, Randolph is a thriving meeting-spot and shopping center for the surrounding area.

Also located in Randolph are the Gifford Medical Center, a hospital; Dubois & King, a civil and structural engineering firm; and Randolph Union High School, which also serves students from the neighboring towns of Braintree and Brookfield.

The main campus of Vermont Technical College is located in Randolph Center.

Two public schools operated by the Orange Southwest Supervisory Union serve Randolph.

Tri-Valley Transit provides local bus transportation across town, Orange County and to and from the White River Junction and Lebanon, New Hampshire areas.