Although the heaping is not severe among Han, and it does not seem to be associated with age exaggeration, it is systematic and is higher among illiterate populations.
[7][8] Who examined a close relationship between age heaping and a number of human capital indicators from the U.S. census sample namely, the race, gender, high and low educational status.
Further, the same method was conducted on the data from 17 different European countries starting from the Middle Ages up until 19th century.
Moreover, another study that took into consideration Latin America from the 17th to 20th century also illustrated the higher tendency to age heaping among illiterate population.
For instance, to evaluate the gap between numeracy levels of the upper and the lower segments of a sample population, taken from different countries (e.g. 26 regions of France, 25 states of the USA[10]).
This inequality of human capital might in turn exerts in further studies a negative or positive relationship on subsequent economic development of selected countries.