Women's education in the United States
[citation needed] Northampton assessed taxes on all households, rather than only on those with children, and used the funds to support a grammar school to prepare boys for college.
Sutton paid for its schools by means of taxes on households with children only, thereby creating an active constituency in favor of universal education for both boys and girls.
The primary source of respect among these colonial New England women derived from their completion of domestic tasks, not a desire for or fulfillment of intellectual practices.
Most mothers were able to teach young children at home, and women like Anne Bradstreet and Philis Wheatley wrote published poetry.
Samuel Sewall's diary references describe his children, boys and girls alike, taking turns reading Scriptures at night, and being praised equally for doing well.
The 1770 diarist Anne Winslow Green wrote to tell her mother that her Aunt Deeming was quite literate, correcting her letters home; this same woman later recounted her own appeals for aid when, as a Tory during the American Revolutionary War, she tried to escape with a carriage of furniture and other belongings after the Siege of Boston was lifted.
Willard's Female Seminary became a much copied modeled in part because it helped young women fit into their "place in society".
Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a graduate of Willard's Seminary, was resentful of this attitude, a formative experience that contributed to her feminist activism in later life.
The expansion of both secondary and tertiary public education that began in 1867 and lasted until the early 20th century created greater opportunities for women.
On the liberal arts faculties of state colleges such as Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, Texas, and Washington, women outnumbered men; indeed, the president of the University of Wisconsin was urging quota restrictions.
[27][28] Coinciding with the beginnings of the first wave of feminism in the 20th century came the attempt by women to gain equal rights to education in the United States.
A study in 1924 that surveyed nearly sixteen-hundred woman PhD recipients concluded that seventy percent required grants, scholarships, and fellowships in order to cover the expense associated with earning a higher degree.
To help lessen the financial burden faced by families trying to educate their children, the National Youth Administration was created by the United States Government.
[38] This increase was partially explained by the "contemporary discourse that reinforced the need for higher education for women in their positions as wives, mothers, citizens, and professionals.
"[39] Because the proper role for a white, middle-class woman in 1930s American society was that of wife and mother,[40] arguments in favor of women's education emphasized concepts of eugenics and citizenship.
First, a Supreme Court decision allowed an individual to sue for monetary retributions by citing the Title IX Act.
Second, the disclosure act in 1994 stated that all institutions under Title IX were to report publicly on their operations, with an effective implementation date set for 1996.
The significant events in the 2000s allow schools to use e-mail surveys, and due to a Supreme Court case in 2009, lawsuits on the basis of sexual discrimination under Title IX can be brought by parents.
Historians accept Moravian as the oldest—though not continuously operational because of its current co-ed status—specifically female institute of higher learning in the United States.
It was founded in 1835 as the Attica (New York) Female Seminary by Mariette and Emily E. Ingham, who moved the school to Le Roy in 1837.
[2] Ingham University was the alma mater of Sarah Frances Whiting, who later founded the physics department and establish the astronomical observatory at Wellesley College.
1917: Sigma Delta Tau sorority, a Jewish women's Greek letter organization was founded at Cornell University in response to antisemitism.
"[124] 1972: Title IX was passed, making discrimination against any person based on their sex in any federally funded educational program(s) in America illegal.
The court held that the single-sex admissions policy of the Mississippi University for Women violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
[72] 1984: The U.S. Supreme Court's 1984 ruling Grove City College v. Bell[135] held that Title IX applied only to those programs receiving direct federal aid.
[136] The case reached the Supreme Court when Grove City College disagreed with the Department of Education's assertion that it was required to comply with Title IX.
[72] 1988: The Civil Rights Restoration Act was passed in 1988 which extended Title IX coverage to all programs of any educational institution that receives any federal assistance, both direct and indirect.
)[139] 1994: In 1994, the Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act, sponsored by congresswoman Cardiss Collins, required federally assisted higher education institutions to disclose information on roster sizes for men's and women's teams, as well as budgets for recruiting, scholarships, coaches' salaries, and other expenses, annually.
2001: Ruth Simmons became the eighteenth president of Brown University, which made her the first African-American woman to lead an Ivy League institution.
[142] 2006: On November 24, 2006, the Title IX regulations were amended to provide greater flexibility in the operation of single-sex classes or extracurricular activities at the primary or secondary school level.
