Working holiday visa

[1] Most working holiday visas are offered under reciprocal agreements between certain countries to encourage travel and cultural exchange between their citizens.

In some countries there is growing criticism around working holiday visas because governments are increasingly linking them to labour strategies rather than centring cultural exchange.

This is often achieved by tweaking mobility infrastructures such as visa rules to direct working holiday makers toward certain regions and jobs.

This often increases working holiday makers' precarity [2] which can make them more vulnerable to harms such as exploitation and sexual harassment[3] There are often several restrictions on this type of visa: About 70 countries signed bilateral Working Holiday program agreements:[4][5] Working Holiday Visa Subclass 417: Belgium, Canada, Republic of Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Republic of China, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, Taiwan, United Kingdom United Kingdom and Northern Ireland.

Work and Holiday Visa Subclass 462: Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Chile, China, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Greece, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mongolia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, San Marino, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, Uruguay, United States and Vietnam.