Wuhuan

They were kept in constant subjugation to the Xiongnu and were forced to pay annual taxes of cow, horse and sheep skins.

He then settled the Wuhuan in five commanderies (Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong) created on the northern Chinese border in order to use them to keep watch of the Xiongnu.

In 58 AD, the Xianbei chieftain Pianhe attacked and killed Xinzhiben, a Wuhuan leader causing trouble in Yuyang Commandery.

[9] In 109 AD, the Wuhuan joined the Xianbei in attacking Wuyuan Commandery and defeated local Han forces.

The largest of these groups were led by Nanlou in Shanggu, Qiuliju in Liaoxi, Supuyan in the Dependent State of Liaodong, and Wuyan in Youbeiping.

The chieftains Nengchendi and Pufulu continued to cause trouble until 218 when Cao Zhang destroyed the last remnants of their power for good.

The Wuhuan gradually lost their cultural identity as they integrated with the Han Chinese, Xianbei and other surrounding ethnic groups.

They continued to appear during the Jin dynasty and Sixteen Kingdoms period in the 4th century, but at this point, the word "Wuhuan" had become a broad term for miscellaneous hu (雜胡; zahu) tribes with Donghu backgrounds.

Under the Dai and early Northern Wei dynasty, "Wuhuan" was used to refer to migrants of any ethnicity living under the ruling Tuoba clan.

They served as auxiliaries for the Jin during the War of the Eight Princes and Upheaval of the Five Barbarians before eventually becoming subjects of the Sixteen Kingdoms in the north.

Many of the Wuhuan also became leaders of fortified settlements (塢堡; wubao) and notably assisted the Later Yan dynasty in their war of restoration in the late 380s.

By the late Northern Wei period, the Wuhuan had fully assimilated with the Han Chinese and sinicizing Xianbei.