[5][6] The many settlement sites scattered throughout the monument were built by the Ancient Pueblo People, more specifically the Cohonina, Kayenta, and Sinagua.

[7] A major population influx began soon after the eruption of Sunset Crater in the 11th century (between 1040 and 1100), which blanketed the area with volcanic ash, improving agricultural productivity and the soil's ability to retain water.

[8] Based on a careful survey of archaeological sites conducted in the 1980s, an estimated 2,000 people moved into the area during the century following the eruption.

[citation needed] The dwelling's walls were constructed from thin, flat blocks of the local Moenkopi sandstone, giving the pueblos their distinct red color.

The largest settlement on monument territory is the Wupatki Pueblo, built around a natural rock outcrop.

Although it is no longer physically occupied, Hopi believe the people who lived and died here remain as spiritual guardians.