[1][4] Sivanandan defined it in his 2001 article Poverty is a New Black as "xenophobia that bears all marks of the old racism, except that it is not colour coded.
"[1][5][6] Fekete expanded the term to describe Islamophobia in Europe, suggesting that the same phenomenon affects communities that have settled in Europe for decades and have been previously more integrated, but whose members are now seen as foreigners, though scholars are still discussing whether this term should indeed apply to wider context.
[1][4] The term xenoracism has been used to describe racism which has been experienced by white Eastern European economic migrants in Western Europe at the turn of the 21st century, following the fall of communism and the enlargement of the EU.
[9] The term has also been used to describe older phenomena, such as the discrimination against Irish people in the United Kingdom.
[10] Additionally, it has been suggested that this term is similar to and overlaps with historical and modern anti-semitism and Islamophobia.