[3] The tripartite Xenorhabdus-nematode-insect interaction represents a model system in which both mutualistic and pathogenic processes can be studied in a single bacterial species.

[4][5] The mutualistic association between Xenorhabdus and Steinernema represents an insecticidal complex, active against a large range of insect pests.

These bacteria inhabit the gut of the Asian corn borer, a moth pest of maize in East Asia, and kills it within 48 hours.

Xenorhabdus nematophila is the most widely used species in biological control, in association with Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae.

The Steinernema-Xenorhabdus association is currently sold as a biocontrol agent by private companies, like Biobest, SUMI AGRO, e-nema and Biosafe.