Xenurolebias is a genus of fish in the family Rivulidae.

These annual killifish are endemic to temporary pools in the Atlantic forest near the coast in southeast Bahia and Espírito Santo, Brazil.

[2] They are small fish, up to 6 cm (2.4 in) in total length.

[3] As typical of killifish, males are more colorful than females.

[2] Xenurolebias was formerly regarded as a subgenus of Simpsonichthys.