[1] Xiphinema index is a migratory ectoparasite that primarily feeds on the root tips of grapes (Vitis vinifera).

[4] Xiphinema index has been found to in the following regions: Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Italy, North Africa, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Turkey and USA.

[7][8] In an early experiment, it was shown that California dagger nematodes inoculated with GFLV were still infective after eight months.

It is speculated that the two pathogens evolved together, since there is evidence that the presence of GFLV gives a survival advantage to X. index and not other species of nematodes.

[9] In a more recent study, it was shown that GFLV persists in juveniles of X. index for over four years, as determined by RT-PCR.

Rootstocks that are bred for resistance to both GFLV and X. index have proven to be effective at managing the disease.

Hot water treatments of rootstocks to be planted ensures there will be little chance of the introducing the disease into the field.

Preventing the introduction of infected plant or soil material is essential to manage both X. index and GFLV.