Every member of the brotherhood had to recite an Oath, where they would pledge to make Italy a united, free, independent, republican nation, and where every man would be considered equal.

[5] In that same year, many of the members who were plotting a revolt in Savoy and Piedmont were arrested and executed by the Sardinian police.

[6] After another failed Mazzinian revolt in Piedmont and Savoy of the February 1834, the movement disappeared for some time, reappearing in 1838 in England.

Also short-lived was the Roman Republic of 1848–49, which was crushed by a French Army called in to help by Pope Pius IX.

That Pope was initially hailed by Mazzini as the most likely paladin of a liberal unification of Italy, but he turned into the leader of the reactionaries.

[7] Mazzini's movement was basically evicted after a last failed revolt against Austria in Milan in 1853, crushing hopes of a democratic Italy in favor of the Piedmontese monarchy.