ZSU-37 was a Soviet-made, light, self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG), developed by the end of 1943 and produced at Works No.

ZSU stands for Zenitnaya Samokhodnaya Ustanovka (Russian: Зенитная Самоходная Установка), meaning "anti-aircraft self-propelled mount".

Soviet engineers carried out some early experiments with tracked SPAAGs before and during World War II, including a modification of the T-70 light tank, resulting in the experimental T-90 SPAAG which was armed with two 12.7 mm DShKT heavy machine guns (the prototype was built in November 1942 by GAZ).

As a result of its late production and the almost non-appearance of the few remaining Luftwaffe aircraft in the spring of 1944, the ZSU-37 saw no service in World War II.

[4][5] An effort was made to significantly increase the firepower by mounting the same 37 mm gun into a quad-mount on a T-34 medium tank chassis, but the vehicle never left the design stage as it was recommended by the Technical Council of the Ministry of Transport to use a newer tank chassis and the more powerful S-68 57 mm twin anti-aircraft autocannon, which was being developed at the time.

The next step in Soviet tracked SPAAG technology would come with the ZSU-57-2, which was based on the T-54 medium tank chassis and was mass-produced in 1957–1960.

Development of the Yenisei was cancelled in 1962 and the ZSU-23-4 Shilka entered production, armed with quad 23 mm AZP-23 Amur anti-aircraft autocannons.

The open turret had advantages, such as high elevation angle, excellent visibility for the gunners and no need for ventilation.