13th century

The conquests of Hulagu Khan and other Mongol invasions changed the course of the Muslim world, most notably the Siege of Baghdad (1258) and the destruction of the House of Wisdom.

Other Muslim powers such as the Mali Empire and Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of West Africa and the Indian subcontinent, while Buddhism witnessed a decline through the conquest led by Bakhtiyar Khilji.

[2] Europe entered the apex of the High Middle Ages, characterized by rapid legal, cultural, and religious evolution as well as economic dynamism.

Crusades after the fourth, while mostly unsuccessful in rechristianizing the Holy Land, inspired the desire to expel Muslim presence from Europe that drove the Reconquista and solidified a sense of Christendom.

Inspired by new translations into Latin of classical works preserved in the Islamic World for over a thousand years, Thomas Aquinas developed Scholasticism, which dominated the curricula of the new universities.

Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan whose conquests created the largest contiguous empire in history
Eastern Hemisphere in 1200 AD
A page of the Italian Fibonacci 's Liber Abaci from the Biblioteca Nazionale di Firenze showing the Fibonacci sequence with the position in the sequence labeled in Roman numerals and the value in Arabic-Hindu numerals.
Portrait of the Chinese Zen Buddhist Wuzhun Shifan , painted in 1238, Song dynasty .
Mongol Empire in 1227 at Genghis Khan 's death
The opening page of one of Ibn al-Nafis ' medical works. This is probably a copy made in India during the 17th or 18th century.
Hommage of Edward I (kneeling), to the Philippe le Bel (seated). As duke of Aquitaine , Edward was a vassal to the French king.
Alai Gate and Qutub Minar were built during the Mamluk and Khalji dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate. [ 16 ]