[2] In the early 1900s, Carl von Noorden applied isodynamic law to the study of obesity.
The second theorized that obesity development depends on how the body partitions calories for either use or storage.
Calorie amounts found on food labels are based on the Atwater system.
For example, a 2012 study by a USDA scientist concluded that the measured energy content of a sample of almonds was 32% lower than the estimated Atwater value.
[3] The driving mechanism behind caloric intake is absorption, which occurs largely in the small intestine and distributes nutrients to the circulatory and lymphatic capillaries by means of osmosis, diffusion and active transport.