Acinipo was a city about 20 kilometers from Ronda, in the Spanish province of Málaga, believed to have been founded by retired soldiers from the Roman legions more than 2,000 years ago.

To Caesar, Munda was supposed to be a mop-up action after Pompey's main forces were defeated in Greece.

Tens of thousands of Romans were killed on both sides; there was no decisive victory for Caesar's armies; and one of Pompey's sons, Sextus, fled to fight another day as a famous rebel pirate against Caesar's successor, Augustus.

According to Pliny, the battle of Munda was fought in Osuna, about 50 km north of Ronda in the province of Seville.

Ptolemy calls it a town of the Celtici in Hispania Baetica set on a lofty mountain.