[1] Adenoid hypertrophy is a characterized by hearing loss, recurrent otitis media, mucopurulent rhinorrhea, chronic mouth breathing, nasal airway obstruction, increased infection susceptibility, and dental malposition.
The exact cause of adenoid hypertrophy in children remains unclear, but it is likely linked to immunological responses, hormonal factors, or genetic components.
Adenoid hypertrophy can also be caused by gastric juice exposure during gastroesophageal reflux disease, passive smoking, and recurrent bacterial and viral infections.
Screening for juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is crucial in male adolescents, while adult patients should be evaluated for carcinoma and lymphoma.
[2] Adenoid hypertrophy is characterized by a number of typical signs and symptoms, including conductive hearing loss, recurrent otitis media (including cholesteatoma), mucopurulent rhinorrhea, chronic mouth breathing, nasal airway obstruction, increased susceptibility to infection, and occasionally dental malposition.
[1] If left untreated, adenoid hypertrophy can cause pulmonary hypertension, ear issues, obstructive sleep apnea, failure to thrive, and craniofacial abnormalities.
[6] Furthermore, it has been discovered that children with adenoid hypertrophy had higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), high-sensitivity C reactive protein, IL-1 and IL-10, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), and intercellular adhesion molecule-1.
[7] Adenoid hypertrophy may also be brought on by gastric juice exposure during gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, particularly in infants and early toddlers.
[9][5] Recurrent bacterial and viral infections as well as pathogen colonization might upset the normally stable equilibrium between the immune system and the natural flora of the adenoid.
B lymphocytes, a kind of blood cell that produces antibodies, make up the majority of the tissues found in the tonsils and adenoid glands.
This antibody binds to toxins, germs, and viruses to render them inactive, preventing disease-causing agents from entering the body.
The adenoid is situated toward the rear of the nasal cavity and up behind the soft palate, in contrast to the tonsils, which are visible when one looks straight through the mouth.
Adult patients, on the other hand, need to be evaluated particularly for carcinoma and lymphoma, which typically present with symptoms including ulceration, bleeding, slimy coatings, size increases, and conductive hearing loss.
[22] Patients exhibiting significant symptoms (such as repeated fever and infections, persistent ear problems) and/or unsatisfactory response to conservative measures (such as topical cortisone, anti-allergic therapy, and watchful waiting) are candidates for adenoidectomy.
Individuals with long-term serous or mucous otitis media frequently have an adenoidectomy, myringotomy, and/or tube insertions performed.
[1] The adenoid will shrink back to a smaller size and cause less nasal obstruction if it is acutely swollen and responds well to antibiotic and steroid therapy.
[10] In addition, Meyer suggested using a specific knife that is put into the nasopharynx through the anterior nostrils in order to surgically treat adenoid hyperplasia.