Adolph, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (29 June 1743 in Ypres – 17 July 1803 in Barchfeld) was a member of the House of Hesse.

Adolph was a son of the Landgrave William of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld (1692-1761) from his marriage with Charlotte Wilhelmine (1704-1766), daughter of Prince Lebrecht of Anhalt-Zeitz-Hoym.

He fought in the Bavarian War of Succession and was attacked by General Wurmser and taken prisoner by the Austrians at Habelschwerdt in 1779.

He acquired the Nesselröden estate in 1794 and three years later sold the Wehra property to the Treasury of Hesse-Kassel for 24000Thaler.

Landgrave Adolph married on 18 October 1781 in Meiningen with Louise (1752-1805), a daughter of the Duke Anton Ulrich of Sachsen-Meiningen from his marriage with Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Philippsthal.