Support from the Russian Empire included sending weapons, lending money to Colonel Vladimir Liakhov, the commander of the Persian Cossack Brigade, and a large-scale propaganda machine against the constitutionalist leaders.

[3] However, Russian influence remained in the Qajar court and bureaucracy, threatening the Ottoman Empire, which led to the Persian campaign in World War I.

As a result of the protests of the aristocracy, clergy and intellectuals, Mozafereddin Shah was forced to adopt a constitution in October 1906 and create a Majlis.

In 1907, the Anglo-Russian Convention concluded with the division of Iran into three spheres of influence: Northern (Russian), Central (neutral and open to Germany), Southern (England).

The Constitutional Revolution was a major problem for the convention, so the British and Russian governments agreed to form an authoritarian state and overthrow the constitutionalists.

On 24 June 1908, Ali Shah launched a coup, with the help of the Persian Cossack Brigade, and dispersed the Majlis.

[7] In February 1909, the Shahsevan nomads plundered the villages in the vicinity of the city of Ardabil, the residents of which were Russian subjects.

[13] Soon, two battalions of the 1st Caucasian Rifle Brigade, four hundred cavalry troops of Kuban Cossacks, a sapper company, and three artillery eight-gun batteries were sent to Persia.

The decision on the use of weapons in business depends solely on the military command ... be enforced irrevocably and with full vigor.

[16] Although the government of Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh, the new Persian prime minister accused the Russians, Ali Shah invited General Vorontsov-Dashkov to Tehran a few days later to present him Order of the Lion and the Sun.

The Russian forces set up a large propaganda organization that called the Kurds bandits and constantly punished the prisoners in public so that the Tabriz constitutionalists would not be encouraged to resist.

The transportation of troops by sea, their landing in the port of Anzali and its fire cover was carried out by the Caspian military flotilla.

[23] Meanwhile, Armenian Dashnaks, led by Yeprem Khan, fought alongside the Persians against the Russians along all lines.

People marched in the streets and markets with flags and banners with demonstrations taking place against the Russians.

[24] In addition, journalists, including Mirzadeh Eshghi, sent a telegram to the Khorasan Provincial Council ordering a boycott of Russian goods.

[25] Although the Russians occupied Mashhad extensively, they needed a strong pretext for serious action against the militants and the constitutionalists.

Roads were very unsafe, offices were very disorganized, and the general situation was chaotic; the fledgling government could not solve such problems.

Faced with these issues, Russia, which itself played a role in creating such a situation, considered taking advantage of the turbulence in Khorasan and fueled a rift between the constitutionalist faction and loyalists to Ali Shah (former authoritarians) of the city.

[27] Among the authoritarians in Mashhad who fought against the constitutionalists of that city was Nayeb Ali Akbar Noghani, who had established an anti-constitutional center in the Noghan neighborhood by setting up a tent.

Akbar Boland Tehrani, Yousef Khan Herati, Talib al-Haq Yazdi, and Mohammad Qurayshabadi were among the insurgents who were affiliated with the Russians.

[30] Mohammad Ali Shah was deposed on 15 July 1909 and stayed at the Russian Embassy in Tehran for 53 days before settling in Odessa.

[32] At this time, the Russians pressed on with their conquest of Mashhad and Neishabour, supplying weapons to Ali Shah and his men.

[33] To restore the rule of his brother, Salar al-Dawlah with an army from the tribes of Kalhor, Jaf, Sanjabi and Lur, was able to capture Kermanshah and Hamedan.

Because the parliament set a reward of 25,000 tomans for his arrest or execution, Salar al-Dawla fled to the Ottoman Empire.

[40] The defeat of Mohammad Ali Shah meant that the position of the authoritarians in Iran had weakened and it was no longer possible to return to that government before the Constitutional Revolution.