Alexander Wilhelm Andreas Freiherr[2] von Kaulbars (Russian: Александр Васильевич Каульбарс, romanized: Aleksandr Vasil'evič Kaul'bars; 23 May [O.S.

11] 1844 – 25 January 1925) was a Baltic German military leader who served in the Imperial Russian Army during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

His report was published as "Materials on the Geography of the Tien Shan", and was awarded the gold medal by the Imperial Russian Geographical Society[3] In 1870, he explored the Russian-Chinese border, surveying the summit of Khan Tengri and looking for mountain passes into Kashgar, which he visited in 1872 for negotiations on a commercial treaty with its ruler, Yaqub Beg.

During this expedition, he explored the delta and riverbed of the Amu Darya river, and located a navigable route to the Aral Sea.

This state, semi-autonomous since the Russian victory sanctioned by the Treaty of San Stefano, was fighting for independence from the Ottoman Empire.

This assignment was followed by command of the 2nd Siberian Army Corps in 1900, during which time he participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion and Russian occupation of Manchuria.

With the start of World War I, he was assigned as a commander of the Northwestern Front, and from October 1914 was placed in charge of all Russian military aviation activities.

With the collapse of the Armed Forces of South Russia, he was evacuated to Constantinople, and subsequently lived in exile in Bulgaria and France.