Alfred Henke (1 March 1868 – 24 February 1946) was a German politician, serving as a member of a number of national and regional parliaments during the early 20th century who played a major role in the establishment of the Bremen Soviet Republic.

In 1913 at a conference in Jena he supported the policies of Rosa Luxemburg, who he also worked together with at the newspaper – other co-workers included Franz Mehring, Karl Radek, Anton Pannekoek, and Henriette Roland Holst.

Bremen, already deeply restive, joined the fray a few days after the sailors mutinied, with a workers' and soldiers' council forming.

Henke became its Chairman, together with Frasunkiewicz and the Communists Johann Knief and Karl Jannack, having only reluctantly agreed to support the proclamation of the Soviet Republic after being offered the position.

When troops loyal to the government launched their march on the Soviet Republic, Henke hurried to Berlin to attempt to negotiate a deal with the authorities to prevent this, but failed.

The USPD proposal for democratically elected judges, the introduction of which Henke justified with it being the only way to ensure class justice (German: klassenjustiz), was rejected by the other groups.

After the November assassination of Hugo Haase he joined the Independent Socialist Group in the National Assembly, serving as its Chairman together with Curt Geyer.

His estate is maintained by the Friedrich Ebert Foundation, and includes correspondence with Karl Radek, Franz Mehring, Anton Pannekoek, Philipp Scheidemann, Karl Kautsky, Clara Zetkin, and Paul Frölich, in addition to manuscripts, records, and collections of letters relating to the SPD during the First World War and the German Revolution.