[2] Anatoly Dneprov was a physicist who worked at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union.

[citation needed] The Progress Publishers, Moscow wrote of him: His favourite subject is cybernetics – its amazing achievements to date and its breath-taking potentialities.

"All the sensations that go to make up your spiritual ego are nothing but electrochemical impulses that travel from receptors up to the brain to be processed, and then down to effectors.

In the initial state the material is colourless, but the photocalorimeter, according to the colour information received, introduces the necessary amounts of the dyes indicated...' Dneprov's short story "The Game" (1961)[11][13] presents a scenario, the Portuguese stadium, anticipating the later China brain and Chinese room thought experiments.

[12] It concerns a stadium of people who act as switches and memory cells implementing a program to translate a sentence in Portuguese, a language that none of them know.

The plot of the story goes as follows: all 1400 delegates of the Soviet Congress of Young Mathematicians willingly agree to take part in a "purely mathematical game" proposed by Professor Zarubin.

"[11] Polish science fiction writer Stanisław Lem summarizes Dneprov's argument in his book Summa Technologiae (1964) as follows:[20]: 324 Physicist and science fiction writer Anatoly Dneprov has described an experiment in his novella, whose aim was to debunk a thesis about "infusing with spirituality" a language-to-language translation machine by replacing the machine's elements such as transistors and other switches with people who have been spatially distributed in a particular way.