Born in Rotenburg an der Fulda to Joseph, Hereditary Prince of Hesse-Rotenburg and his wife Princess Christine Anna Luise Oswaldine of Salm, she was the eldest of four children.

He was head of the cadet branch of the wealthy and powerful House of Rohan, which, enjoyed the rank of princes étrangers at the court of Versailles.

Victoire had two step-daughters from these marriages; Charlotte, future Princess of Condé and Madame de Guéméné, who became governess of the children of Louis XVI.

Among her first cousins were King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and the tragic princesse de Lamballe.

The couple separated and her parents were given a pension of 24,000 livres to take Victoire, exiled from court, to dwell with them at Echternach.