In addition, anti-American conservatism emerged through "Nōhon shugi [ja]" (農本主義, lit.
During the prewar Shōwa period, "Ultra-nationalism" (超国家主義, chō kokka shugi, lit.
"extreme state-ism") emerged, and to justify Japan's invasion of the Asian region, the cause of "liberating Asia from the West" was put forward; at this time, there is 鬼畜米英 (kichiku beiei) as a racist propaganda, meaning "American and British demonic beasts".
[3] From the 1960s onwards, an ethno-nationalist movement called "minzoku-ha" (民族派) emerged, which was critical of major conservatives of the day for prioritizing "anti-communism" over "[ethnic] nationalism".
Today, anti-American conservatives have a wide spectrum; some are negative for the United States for harming Asian values but are friendly to China (Sinophile), and some are ultranationalists who are hostile to China and Korea (both South and North) and seek a return to the Empire of Japan, but all anti-American conservatives have a common negative view of cultural globalization (led by the West) and neoliberal economic policy.