Arthur Rosenthal (24 February 1887, Fürth, Germany – 15 September 1959, Lafayette, Indiana) was a German mathematician.
Between 1932 and 1933 he served as dean in the faculty of mathematics and natural sciences, but was forced from his university position as a result of Nazi policies against German Jews.
He was appointed lecturer and research fellow at the University of Michigan in 1940 with a promotion to assistant professor in 1943.
Rosenthal's mathematical research was in geometry, in particular the classification of regular polyhedra and Hilbert's axioms.
With the Swiss mathematician Michel Plancherel, he made contributions in ergodic theory and dynamical systems.