AIS emerged in the mid-1980s with articles authored by Farmer, Packard and Perelson (1986) and Bersini and Varela (1990) on immune networks.
Currently, new ideas along AIS lines, such as danger theory and algorithms inspired by the innate immune system, are also being explored.
Other recent developments involve the exploration of degeneracy in AIS models,[3][4] which is motivated by its hypothesized role in open ended learning and evolution.
In 2008, Dasgupta and Nino [7] published a textbook on immunological computation which presents a compendium of up-to-date work related to immunity-based techniques and describes a wide variety of applications.
The common techniques are inspired by specific immunological theories that explain the function and behavior of the mammalian adaptive immune system.