Autografts have long been considered the "Gold Standard" in oral surgery and implant dentistry because it offered the best regeneration results.

Lately, the introduction of morphogen-enhanced bone graft substitutes have shown similar success rates and quality of regeneration; however, their price is still very high.

[medical citation needed] Autotransplantation of selected organs is often preceded by ex vivo (also bench, back-table, or extracorporeal) surgery.

[6] For example, ex vivo liver resection and autotransplantation is used in the treatment of selected cases of conventionally unresectable hepatic tumors.

Reprogramming technology would be used to obtain a personalized, patient-specific, cell product without problems related to histocompatibility of the transplanted tissues and organs.

However, the ability to generate such tissues and organs will depend on successful strategies to overcome immunogenicity of the manipulated product.