[5] According to Nadeem Wagan (a Sindh writer), the primary causes of the battle were the East India Company's desire to expand their possession in South Asia and General Charles Napier's ambitions.

The General had held previous position as Governor of the Greek island of Kefalonia with very limited scope for glory.

Napier moved his army aggressively from the East India Company's Bombay Presidency area and entered the Sindh border.

While moving towards Bombay and giving the impression of keeping the agreement that had been reached, he suddenly turned back towards Hyderabad on the pretext of hostile intentions by the Amir and marched with great speed towards the capital.

In the book Janat ul Sindh, Pakistani author Rahimdad Khan Molai Shedai has written that:"On 16 February 1843 Sir Charles Napier came to Matiari from Hala.

Mac Merdo (Aide de camp of Napier), Major Wylie, Capt.

However Balochi tribes Nizamani, Bagrani, Mari, Jamali, Chang, Gopang, Jatoi, Qarai, Rind, Lashari, Bhurgri, and Chuulgri joined the army.

In addition to Balouch tribes Khokhar, Khatiyan, Soomra, Khaskhali, and many others gathered under the banner of Sindh.

Hosh Muhammad Qambrani negro, Mashedi Irani and Mr Hawel were in charge of Talpur artillery.

Napier had already successfully isolated the Amir of Khairpur (thereafter known as the great traitor by the Sindhi) by bribery and title.

[7] Thus the Baluchi army assembled at Miani represented approximately a third of the potential military strength in Sindh.

They were armed with smoothbore percussion or flintlock Brown Bess muskets, which were accurate to 50–100 yards, and supported by modern artillery.

In contrast, the Baluchi army consisted mostly of cavalry armed with muskets, spears and swords and some old artillery pieces acquired from Persia.

Contemporary records indicate that the Baluchi army's morale was very high with the battle slogan being "we will die but not give up Sindh".

When they did eventually reach British lines and, according to Napier himself in his book on the battle (Conquest of Sindh), he had to ride amongst his officers and troops to stop them from falling back in disarray in the face of the ferocity of the Baluch who had reached the British lines.

"At beginning Mir Jan Muhammad fought with stretegy and Charles Napier was sure of defeat.

John Jackab leading 1000 cavalry attacked through the bed of Phuleli canal and at once moved back with deception and Talpur army thought it retreat and their lines stood broken and they followed the cavalry and reached across the banks of Phuleli where English artillery was staged at hidden place and English army opened the artillery upon them continuously for three hours.

Mir Naseer and Shahdad wanted to fight till last breath but their army was fleeing from battlefield.

One cannonball fall nearby and Suleman, personal servant of the Meer was [killed in action].

Looking to the situation Mir Naseer Khan also left the battlefield along with 1200 cavalry and came at the Fort of Hyderabad.

[8] Later, on March 24, 1843, Mir Sher Muhammad Khan Talpur, reached Hyderabad with his private army of around 8,000 soldiers and tried to recapture Sindh from the East India Company forces.

Eventually after 10 years, Mir Sher Muhammad returned to Sindh and surrendered to the East India Company administration, which gave him amnesty.

[5] The amirs of Hyderabad were eventually exiled to Andaman Islands upon the conclusion of the conflict – never to see the city of Sindh again.

Fifteen years later when the Indian Rebellion of 1857 broke out, the conflict did not reach Singh and the region remained free from mutinies or battles.

Others such as Mir Ali Murad Khan Talpur was taken aboard the sloop HMS Nimrod and exiled to Burma.

[10] A British journal said of the captive Sindhi Amirs: "The Amirs as being the prisoners of the state are maintained in strict seclusion; they are described as Broken-Hearted and Miserable men, maintaining much of the dignity of fallen greatness, and without any querulous or angry complainings at this unallevable source of sorrow, refusing to be comforted".