It is located on the Chaudière River, between La Nouvelle-Beauce Regional County Municipality and Beauce-Sartigan Regional County Municipality.

Established in 1982 as the successor to Beauce County under the name Robert-Cliche, Beauce-Centre is made up of ten municipalities and is mainly French-speaking.

Beauceville, the county seat, is the most populated municipality.

It was originally named after Quebecois politician, writer, lawyer, and judge Robert Cliche.

The regional county municipality's name was officially changed on 30 July 2022.