Shadhu bhasha is generally considered outdated and no longer used either in writing or in normal conversation.
These are typically represented by adding the negative particle না (na) to indefinite pronouns, which are themselves derived from their corresponding question words.
The relative pronoun যে (je) and its different variants, as shown below, are commonly employed in complex sentences.
Nouns are also inflected for case, including nominative, objective (accusative), genitive (possessive), and locative.
ছাত্রটি/chhatrô-ţi/ছাত্রটাchhatrô-ţaছাত্রটি/ ছাত্রটাchhatrô-ţi/ chhatrô-ţathe studentছাত্ররাchhatrô-raছাত্ররাchhatrô-rathe studentsছাত্রটিকে/chhatrô-ţi-ke/ছাত্রটাকেchhatrô-ţa-keছাত্রটিকে/ ছাত্রটাকেchhatrô-ţi-ke/ chhatrô-ţa-ke(to) the studentছাত্রদেরকেchhatrô-der-keছাত্রদেরকেchhatrô-der-ke(to) the studentsছাত্রটির/chhatrô-ţi-r/ছাত্রটারchhatrô-ţa-rছাত্রটির/ ছাত্রটারchhatrô-ţi-r/ chhatrô-ţa-rthe student'sছাত্রদেরchhatrô-derছাত্রদেরchhatrô-derthe students'জুতাটি/juta-ţi/জুতাটাjuta-ţaজুতাটি/ জুতাটাjuta-ţi/ juta-ţathe shoeজুতাগুলোjuta-guloজুতাগুলোjuta-gulothe shoesজুতাটির/juta-ţi-r/জুতাটারjuta-ţa-rজুতাটির/ জুতাটারjuta-ţi-r/ juta-ţa-rthe shoe'sজুতাগুলোরjuta-gulo-rজুতাগুলোরjuta-gulo-rthe shoes'জুতাটিতে/juta-ţi-te/জুতাটায়juta-ţa-yজুতাটিতে/ জুতাটায়juta-ţi-te/ juta-ţa-yon/in the shoeজুতাগুলোতেjuta-gulo-teজুতাগুলোতেjuta-gulo-teon/in the shoesAll of the inflected nouns above have a definite article preceding their case markers.
The genitive ending is also applied to verbs (in their verbal noun forms), which is most commonly seen when using postpositions (for example: শেখার জন্য shekhar jonno, "to/for learning").
However, this special exception for -a ending nouns is often ignored, and colloquially many will say কলকাতাতে Kolkata-te instead of the proper Kolkata-y.
Nôy-ţaNine-MWghoŗiclockNôy-ţa ghoŗiNine-MW clockNine clocksKôy-ţaHow many-MWbalishpillowKôy-ţa balish{How many-MW} pillowHow many pillowsÔnek-jonMany-MWlokpersonÔnek-jon lokMany-MW personMany peopleChar-pañch-jonFour-five-MWshikkhôkteacherChar-pañch-jon shikkhôkFour-five-MW teacherFour or five teachersMeasuring nouns in Bengali without their corresponding measure words (e.g. aţ biŗal instead of aţ-ţa biŗal "eight cats") would typically be considered ungrammatical.
However, omitting the noun and preserving the measure word is grammatical and not uncommon to hear.
Adjectives do not inflect for case, gender, or number in Bengali and are placed before the noun they modify.
Demonstrative adjectives – this and that – correspond to এই and ওই respectively, with the definite article attached to the following noun.
In general, the following transformations take place: ô → o, o → u, æ → e, e → i, and a → e (the latter only in the perfect tenses), where the verbal noun features the first vowel but certain conjugations use the second.
In addition, the verbs দেওয়া (dêoa , to give) and নেওয়া (nêoa, to take) switch between e, i, a, and æ.
Additionally, there are irregular verbs, such as যাওয়া (jaoa, to go) that change the first consonant in their stem in certain conjugations, or such as চাওয়া (chaoa, to want) that add an extra ই -i- to the stem in the future, present progressive, simple past, and past habitual.
There are four sentence negators employed in Bengali: Verbs are inflected for person and honour, but not for number.
The same sample subject pronouns will be used for all the example conjugation paradigms: ami (Bengali: আমি), tui (তুই), tumi (তুমি), she (সে) and apni (আপনি).
Many common sentence constructions, such as those involving obligation, need, and possibility ("I have to", "We must", "He is supposed to", etc.)
The present tense in Bengali is similar to that of English: I eat, you run, he reads.
The endings are -i, -(i)sh, -o, -e, and -(e)n, and only the 1st-person and the VF forms require stem transformations for vowel harmony.
It is formed by adding the present progressive tense suffixes (see above) with the perfect participle of the verb.
The (simple) past tense differs from its use in English in that it is usually reserved for events that have occurred recently; for instance, less than a day ago.
For example: ami dekhlam, tui dekhli, tumi dekhle, se dekhlo, apni dekhlen.
In non-rarhi varieties of Bengali, that is to say northern and eastern dialects, "a" is substituted for "e" in second-person familiar forms; thus tumi bolla, khulla, khella etc.
which is the original inflection, the “e” in contrast is a vowel-harmonised variant of the former, having gone through a process called abhisruti.
It's usually used for events that didn't happen recently; over a day ago, for instance, unlike Bangla's simple past (see above).
It's formed by adding the past progressive tense suffixes (see above) to the perfect participle of the verb.
It is used for events that happened regularly, such as "I used to eat out every day" or "He wrote poems when he was young", the equivalent of an imperfect.
For example: ami dekhtam, tui dekhtish, tumi dekhte, she dekhto, apni dekhten.
In less standard varieties of Bengali, "a" is substituted for "e" in second-person familiar forms; thus tumi bolta, khulta, khelta etc.
In less standard varieties of Bengali, "a" is substituted for "e" in second-person familiar forms; thus tumi bolba, khulba, khelba etc.