The use of a Latin script for Berber has its roots in European (French and Italian) colonial expeditions to North Africa.
[1] Dictionaries and glossaries written with Latin letters, ordered alphabetically and following European orthography (mainly French) began to appear in print in the 19th century, they were intended to the colonial administration, traders and military officers.
[citation needed] The following table shows the Northern-Berber Latin alphabet with its Neo-Tifinagh[2] and Arabic equivalents: The letter "O" does occur often in Tuareg-Berber orthography and sometimes in Northern Berber.
[3] Phonemic labiovelarization of consonants is widespread in Berber varieties, but there are rarely minimal pairs and it is unstable (e.g. ameqqʷran "large", in the Ainsi dialect of Kabyle, is pronounced ameqqran in At Yanni Kabyle-Berber, only a few kilometers away).
[6] In most Riffian areas (northern Morocco), the letter "L" in the word alɣem is pronounced [ařɣem].
[needs IPA][7] Riffian Berbers pronounce the "LL" (in a word like yelli, "my daughter") like "dj" or "ǧǧ" (yedji).
Depending on the author's whim, this might be represented in writing as "ll", "dj", a single "ǧ", or "ǧǧ".
In Souss (mid-southern Morocco), Berber writers rarely use the neutral vowel "e", because the unphonemic schwa is rarer in Tachelhit due to a different stress system than its sister languages.
However these affricates are uncommon in other dialects (except in Riffian) and they are morphologically conditioned, so for the sake of pan-dialectal legibility the INALCO standard omits them.