Bioelectromagnetics

In the late eighteenth century, the Italian physician and physicist Luigi Galvani first recorded the phenomenon while dissecting a frog at a table where he had been conducting experiments with static electricity.

[10] Many nations and regulatory bodies like the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection have established safety guidelines to limit EMF exposure to a non-thermal level.

The specific pulseform used appears to be an important factor for the behavioural effect seen; for example, a pulsed magnetic field originally designed for spectroscopic MRI, referred to as Low Field Magnetic Stimulation, was found to temporarily improve patient-reported mood in bipolar patients,[12] while another MRI pulse had no effect.

A whole-body exposure to a pulsed magnetic field was found to alter standing balance and pain perception in other studies.

[16] A number of scientists and clinicians are attempting to use TMS to replace electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat disorders such as severe depression and hallucinations.

If very strong pulses at a rapid rate are delivered to the brain, the induced currents can cause convulsions much like in the original electroconvulsive therapy.

[23] Electromagnetic radiation in the intermediate frequency range has found a place in modern medical practice for the treatment of bone healing and for nerve stimulation and regeneration.

Interactions of organisms with electromagnetic fields from across the electromagnetic spectrum are part of bioelectromagnetic studies.
Pigeons and other migratory birds are thought to use a sense of the Earth's magnetic field in navigation. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ]