Biotransformations can be slow and are often incompatible with high temperatures, which are employed in traditional chemical synthesis to increase rates.
[citation needed] Wine and beer making are examples of biotransformations that have been practiced since ancient times.
Yogurt is produced by inoculating heat-treated milk with microorganisms such as Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
[citation needed] Beta-lactam antibiotics, e.g., penicillin and cephalosporin are produced by biotransformations in an industry valued several billions of dollars.
[citation needed] With acrylonitrile and water as substrates, nitrile hydratase enzymes are used to produce acrylamide, a valued monomer.
[citation needed] Many kinds of fuels and lubricants are produced by processes that include biotransformations starting from natural precursors such as fats, cellulose, and sugars.