is a pseudorandom number generator proposed in 1986 by Lenore Blum, Manuel Blum and Michael Shub[1] that is derived from Michael O. Rabin's one-way function.
At each step of the algorithm, some output is derived from xn+1; the output is commonly either the bit parity of xn+1 or one or more of the least significant bits of xn+1.
The seed x0 should be an integer that is co-prime to M (i.e. p and q are not factors of x0) and not 1 or 0.
The two primes, p and q, should both be congruent to 3 (mod 4) (this guarantees that each quadratic residue has one square root which is also a quadratic residue), and should be safe primes with a small gcd((p-3)/2, (q-3)/2) (this makes the cycle length large).
An interesting characteristic of the Blum Blum Shub generator is the possibility to calculate any xi value directly (via Euler's theorem): where
There is a proof reducing its security to the computational difficulty of factoring.
[1] When the primes are chosen appropriately, and O(log log M) lower-order bits of each xn are output, then in the limit as M grows large, distinguishing the output bits from random should be at least as difficult as solving the quadratic residuosity problem modulo M. The performance of the BBS random-number generator depends on the size of the modulus M and the number of bits per iteration j.
While lowering M or increasing j makes the algorithm faster, doing so also reduces the security.
A 2005 paper gives concrete, as opposed to asymptotic, security proof of BBS, for a given M and j.
The result can also be used to guide choices of the two numbers by balancing expected security against computational cost.
We can expect to get a large cycle length for those small numbers, because
The following is a Python implementation that does check for primality.
The following Common Lisp implementation provides a simple demonstration of the generator, in particular regarding the three bit selection methods.
It is important to note that the requirements imposed upon the parameters p, q and s (seed) are not checked.